The findings suggest that certain insomnia treatments may work best for certain subtypes, and future research should examine this. People with subtype 1 had the greatest lifetime risk of depression. In addition, people with subtype 2 responded well to a type of talk therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy, while people with subtype 4 did not. For example, people with subtypes 2 and 4 saw the most improvement in their sleep symptoms after taking a benzodiazepine (a type of tranquilizer), while people with type 3 did not see improvement from this type of drug. The researchers also found that people with different insomnia subtypes differed in terms of their response to treatment and their risk of depression. These subtypes were consistent over time: When participants were surveyed again five years later, most of them maintained the same subtype.
Type 4: People with type 4 insomnia typically had low levels of distress, but they tended to experience long-lasting insomnia in response to a stressful life event.Type 3: People with type 3 insomnia also had moderate levels of distress, but had low levels of happiness and reduced experiences of pleasure.Type 2: People with type 2 insomnia had moderate levels of distress, but their levels of happiness and experiences of pleasurable emotions tended to be relatively normal.Type 1: People with type 1 insomnia tended to have high levels of distress (meaning high levels of negative emotions like anxiety and worry) and low levels of happiness.
The study authors found that participants with insomnia tended to fit into one of five categories: (These participants scored high on an insomnia-related survey, but did not have a confirmed diagnosis.) To identify subtypes, the researchers went beyond looking at sleep-related symptoms and considered other factors, including personality traits, mood, emotions and response to stressful life events. In an effort to find "subtypes" of insomnia, the researchers analyzed information from more than 4,000 people who filled out online surveys about their sleep habits and other traits as part of a project called the Netherlands Sleep Registry.īased on their survey responses, about 2,000 of these participants had insomnia. These inconsistencies suggest that there may be more than one type of insomnia.
In addition, attempts to find "biomarkers" for the condition - like commonalities in people's brain scans - have proved futile, the researchers said. But despite having similar symptoms, people with insomnia can vary widely in their response to treatment.
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